Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that occurs in women of reproductive age. This hormonal imbalance causes the ovaries to enlarge and develop multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts).

Both men and women have the same types of reproductive hormones but at differing levels. For example, men have significantly higher levels of androgens, commonly known as male hormones, compared to other hormones. Androgens are also produced in women's bodies because they play a crucial role in female reproductive organs. The amount produced in women, however, is much lower than in men.

Unfortunately, an increase in androgen levels in a woman's body increases the risk of PCOS. Excess androgen in women with PCOS can cause the ovaries to produce many fluid-filled sacs, preventing eggs from fully developing and being regularly released (anovulation). This condition then hinders the chances of pregnancy.

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A miscarriage occurs when a pregnancy terminates due to the embryo not developing, fetal death, or spontaneous expulsion of the pregnancy tissue before the fetus reaches 20 weeks or weighs less than 500 grams. The signs of a miscarriage include bleeding, cramping, and cervical dilation. The term "recurrent miscarriage" refers to the occurrence of three consecutive pregnancy losses. However, if a woman has experienced two consecutive miscarriages, it's advisable not to wait for a third and to consult an obstetrician and gynecologist immediately.

An estimated 1 in 6 couples, or 15%, will deal with a miscarriage, though recurrent miscarriages are not viewed as a typical situation. The likelihood of another miscarriage doubles after two consecutive miscarriages. Unfortunately, in nearly 70 percent of recurrent miscarriage cases, the cause is unknown.

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Infertility is a condition where a married couple is unable to conceive after one year of regular unprotected intercourse. About 13 out of 100 couples cannot achieve pregnancy despite having unprotected sex. Infertility can affect both men and women, but in over one-third of cases, the underlying cause is attributed to male factors. The most common causes are problems with sperm production or issues in delivering sperm to the woman's egg.

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Endometriosis is a condition characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. The endometrium is the tissue that lines the uterus and serves as the site for a fertilized egg to attach. In endometriosis, this tissue can grow on other organs within the pelvis or abdomen, which can lead to bleeding, infection, and pelvic pain.

The pain caused by endometriosis can range from mild discomfort, cramps, or a burning sensation, to severe pain that significantly reduces quality of life.

Procedures:

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A cyst is a fluid-filled sac that can occur in any part of the body, including the ovaries. The ovaries, or ovarian follicles, are reproductive organs that produce eggs as well as the hormones estrogen and progesterone. An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops within or on the surface of an ovary.

There are several types of ovarian cysts, most of which are benign and do not require special treatment. However, some types can be harmful and cause disruptive symptoms, necessitating medical intervention.

Every month, functional cysts form as small sacs (follicles) containing an egg and fluid in the ovaries. When the egg matures, it is released as the sac ruptures. After the sac ruptures, it continues to produce hormones until pregnancy occurs or menstruation resumes. Functional cysts are the most frequently occurring type of ovarian cysts and are regarded as a normal condition.

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Unexplained infertility is the inability of a couple to conceive without any clear medical cause, even after undergoing various examinations.

Infertility is defined as the failure to achieve pregnancy after one year of regular sexual intercourse without using contraception.

Approximately 80 percent of couples will conceive within the first 12 months of having unprotected sexual intercourse. If a couple has not achieved pregnancy after a year, they may need further medical assistance.

Idiopathic infertility is a condition in which a couple has undergone comprehensive examinations—such as semen analysis, ovulation function assessment, and tubal patency tests—that all show normal results, yet they are still unable to conceive. Idiopathic infertility occurs in about 10 percent of couples with fertility issues.

Can Couples with Idiopathic Infertility Get Pregnant?

Although the cause of infertility cannot be identified, this does not mean that couples with idiopathic infertility cannot have children. The rate of spontaneous pregnancy in these couples is actually higher than in those with other causes of infertility.

Research shows that spontaneous pregnancy occurs in about 13–15 percent of cases in the first year of trying, and this increases to 35 percent in the following year. However, the rate of spontaneous pregnancy gradually decreases with infertility lasting more than three years and in couples where the woman is over 30 years old.

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